It's a common misconception that an orthopedist is inherently a spine surgeon; rather, spine surgery represents a highly specialized field within orthopedics (and neurosurgery). While all orthopedic spine surgeons are indeed orthopedists, not all orthopedists are spine surgeons. Orthopedic surgeons are broadly trained in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting the entire musculoskeletal system, including joints, bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles throughout the body. Those who wish to become spine surgeons pursue extensive additional fellowship training after their general orthopedic residency, focusing exclusively on the complex anatomy, pathology, and surgical and non-surgical management of spinal conditions, such as disc herniations, spinal stenosis, scoliosis, and spinal trauma.